Ceramic Works

STONE LAYING WORKS

Stone facades are in the group of the heavy wall coverings; the elements are made of natural carved or cut stone in the form of individual pieces or in the form of parts in finished panels. The installation process can be Dry or Wet.

The Wet process is used when the facade isnt ventilated, and today it is mainly used on smaller buildings, because the outer walls of cut stone blocks are mounted in the classical method of stone masonry. The stone slabs can be 2 cm or thicker. THe installation is done in cement mortar or adhesive (when the surface is flat). In both cases it is necessary to a hidden anchoring of the slabs to the wall.

The Dry process is present on most of the modern buildings; it requires a strong substructure on which precisely cut stone modular components are mounted via profiles, hooks or screws. This procedure is used when the facade is ventilated, meaning that there is a layer of air between the stone and thermal insulation. In this case the minimum thicknesses of the slabs is 3 cm, because the hanging is made from the sides (in some rare cases with some types of fine-grained granite structure slabs, it is possible that the thickness of the slab is 2 cm, but the specific method of mounting are more expensive than the traditional, from the sides). Granite and marble must conform to prescribed standards and parameters, the most important beeing pressure resistance and flexural strength. Also, one should bear in mind that marble eventually matts and lose color, while the granite color and polish last. In the classical methods of mounting ventilated stone facades, special anchors are used if the facade wall is the bearing wall (preferably to be a reinforced concrete wall) . Chemical anchors are used if the wall is of materials such as giter blocks, but this solution is very expensive and not yet sufficiently exploited in practice. Instead of using anchors, substructure is used if the bearing parts of the facade wall are only at the level of the floor structure (such as the skeletal type building). Highest quality anchors and substructure are made of stainless steel, although they may be of galvanized profiles, and in recent years even of aluminum profile. The usual layers of ventilated facades of stone (for the region of Vojvodina) are: d = 3cm stone, the air space thickness of 2 to 3 cm, heat insulation 8 to 10cm and the construction of the wall. Optimal dimension of slabs are about 60 × 80cm, or about 0.5 m2 surface area, at a weight of 50 kg (they can be both smaller and larger).

It is true that the stone facade is one of the most expensive methods of finishing bearing in mind the additional cost of installing insulation, the necessity for a high quality of the stone, the specific weight of materials, cost of labor in the exploitation, processing, installation and transport, especially when it comes to imported marbles and granites, most famously from Spanish, Italian, Chilean and other quarrys. On the other hand, the facades of high-quality stones are suitable for maintenance - maintenance is hardly necessary, and are therefore they are given an appropriate adjective - eternal. Also there is the ceramic slabs facade type; facades are made of ceramic tile and brick in which the installation is done by relying on sub-bottom structure, hidden in the joints. There are various additional ways, such as anchoring systems, consoles, railway construction, etc.

SUBSTRUCTURE FOR VENTILATED FACADES

The classical facade with stone slabs is now completely replaced with ventilated facade.

The development of modern architecture and new building materials allowed the construction of the facade that has good ventilation between the lining and the wall, ensuring the durability of the facade and insulation on the exterior wall providing good thermal protection.

A sub-structure that serves to carry the facade cladding is set up nn the supporting structure of the building (concrete, solid or hollow bricks, steel truss).

The load capacity of the substructure depends on the type of lining, weight, and distribution of the suspension and it must be approved by static calculation.

The substructure grid is fastened to the supporting structure over fixed and sliding points.

Suspension is placed on the aluminum substructure. It is necessary to ensure the necessary width of space for the background ventilation.

RAISED FLOOR SYSTEMS

Raised floors are now indispensable in information centers, banks, and hallways. They successfully solve problems that occur during the assembly of such environments, such as the infrastructure and performance of computer networks and supporting elements. An important feature of raised floors is the very ease of changing the interior designs.

In recent years, raised floors have become an indispensable basic element of the emerging modern workplaces, which require easy and complete access to spaces for the store of cables, connectors and installation of various nodes. This solution enables easy and fast installation of various support elements such as: electric power, lighting setup, various pipes, telephone cables, cables for computer networks, etc.

SLIKE KAMENA

BELI GRANIT

Bethel White	Blanco Cristal	Imperial White

Kashmere White	Viscount White	Labrador White

	BEŽ GRANIT

Juparana India	Santa Cecilia	Ivory Chiffon

	ŽUTI GRANIT

Giallo Veneziano	Ivory Gold	Juparana Classic

Juparana Gold	Shiva Kashi	Tiger Skin

	SMEÐI GRANIT

Labrador Antico	Santa Fe Brown	Tan Brown

	CRNI GRANIT

Nero Angola	Nero Assoluto	Nero Black

Nero Impala	Star Galaxy	Midnight Black

	SIVI GRANIT

Azul Platino	Bianco Grigio	Bianco Sardo

Platinum White	Grigio Sardo	Azul Noche

Crystal Azul	Silver Cloud	White San Marco

	ROZA GRANIT

Rosa Porrino	Rosa Sardo Beta	Rosa Diamante

	CRVENI GRANIT

Multicolor Red	African Red	Balmoral Red (Coarse grained)

Balmoral Red (Fine grained)	Red Diamond	Desert Rose

	PLAVI GRANIT

Azul Imperial	Blue Fantasy	Azul Do Macaubas

Blue King	Azul Bahia	Labrador Blue Pearl

	ZELENI GRANIT

Baltic Green	Finnish Silver Green	Verde Real

Kerala Green	Labrador Gold	Labrador Premium

Verde Crystal	Verde Eucalipto	Verde Fantastico

Verde Marina	Verde Olivo	Antique Green